The Formation of Gender System in Physical Education Classes:A Case of the Classes for Long Distance Running in High School
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to describe the process by which the gender system has been formed and re-formed in physical education through the observation of classes and interviews of PE teachers in a public high school in the Western area of Japan.
Paying attention to the context, in which the purpose and contents of physical education classes themselves introduce gender distinction and enhance control of gender order, this paper discusses some of the elements of the gender system in physical education.
The discussion shows three elements and their relationship: @ The mainstream of masculinity A The centering on men and marginalization of women B The justification of gender order.
Although physical education can set various aims and learning processes in teaching long distance running, the unconscious mainstreaming of masculinity introduces the respect of competition which results in the pursuit of higher records and winning, and sets a tough mind and body as the main objective.
As the consequence of this aim and process, the comparative gender difference of sport performance is emphasized and leads to the reinforcement of gender order.
In addition, it is important to give different values in good sport performance when applied to boys and girls.
The demonstration of gender difference through sport performance and the fact that sport is more attractive to boys because of the combination of sport and masculinity encourages the centering on men and marginalizing of women.
At a result, sport performance itself and the attitude of boys and girls toward sport shows the gender difference clearly, and introduces the view that the gender characteristic is natural, and gives the ground for the justification for using gender order: large use of gender category, gender difference in standards and motivation.
Key Words: Physical education classes, Gender system, Co-education, Formation of gender, Theory of gender characteristics
抄録
本研究は,関西地方の公立高校における体育授業の観察,及び体育教師へのインタビューを通じて,体育授業においてジェンダー体制が整えられジェンダーが再生産される仕組みを描き出すことを目的とした.ここでは,体育の目的や学習内容そのものが,男女生徒を差別化し,より強固なジェンダー秩序が支配するというコンテクストに注目し,体育授業におけるジェンダー体制の様相を検討することを試みた.
この結果,@男性的価値の主流化,A男性中心と女性の周辺化,Bジェンダー規範の正当化,というジェンダー体制を構築する3要素とその関連性が見出せた.
持久走の授業において多様なねらいや学習展開が想定できるにもかかわらず,より高い記録や勝敗を追求する競技性を重視し,心身のたくましさを目標とするなど,男性的価値の主流化が認められた.この結果,スポーツパフォーマンスの相対的男女差が,その差異を必要以上に顕わにし,ジェンダーの序列を強化している.また,体育やスポーツの得意・不得意のもたらす恩恵が男女で異なることも見逃せない.
スポーツパフォーマンスという男女較差の明示と,スポーツに重ねられる男らしさという魅惑が男性中心と女性の周辺化を促進している.この結果,スポーツパフォーマンスやスポーツへの態度における男女差が視覚化され,男女特性の自明視につながり,性別カテゴリーの多用や達成目標,動機づけの違いなど,ジェンダー規範の使用を正当化することに根拠を与えている.
キーワード:体育授業 ジェンダー体制 男女共習 ジェンダー形成 男女特性論